Eating disorders

The following evidence-based resources, guidelines and data sources supported the development of the Management of eating disorders educational visiting materials.

Note: Due to a lack of current Australian guidelines for eating disorders, content was informed by the National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC), the InsideOut Institute, and international guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the American Psychiatric Association (APA). References include published guidelines and reputable clinical web resources that were accessed and archived at the time of development. Where direct evidence was limited, content was informed by expert consensus and contemporary clinical practice through subject matter expert review and validation.

Educational visiting card references:

1. Butterfly Foundation. Paying the Price for Eating Disorders [Internet]. Melbourne: Butterfly Foundation; 2024 [cited 2026 May 12]. Available from: https://butterfly.org.au/who-we-are/research-policy-publications/payingtheprice2024/
2. Australian Automobile Association. Benchmarking the performance of the National Road Safety Strategy, December Quarter 2023 [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Automobile Association; 2024.
3. InsideOut Institute. About eating disorders [Internet]. Sydney: InsideOut Institute; [cited 2026 Jun 3]. Available from: https://insideoutinstitute.org.au/about-eating-disorders
4. American Psychiatric Association. Treatment of Patients With Eating Disorders: APA Treatment of Patients With Eating Disorders Guideline Pocket Guide [Internet]. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2023 [cited 2026 Aug 26]. Available from: https://www.guidelinecentral.com/guideline/1971974/pocket-guide/2441963/
5. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Management of Eating Disorders for People with Higher Weight: Summary Booklet [Internet]. Melbourne: National Eating Disorders Collaboration; 2025.
6. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. A practical guide to prevention, identification and response to eating disorders for GPs [Internet]. Melbourne: National Eating Disorders Collaboration; 2025 [cited 2026 Aug 26]. Available from: https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorder-resources/find-resources/show/a-practical-guide-to-prevention-identification-and-response-to-eating-disorders-for-gps
7. InsideOut Institute. Dangerous dieting [Internet]. Sydney: InsideOut Institute; [cited 2026 Aug 27]. Available from: https://gp.insideoutinstitute.org.au/prevention-and-health-promotion/dangerous-dieting
8. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Eating disorders and males [Internet]. Melbourne: National Eating Disorders Collaboration; [cited 2026 Aug 31]. Available from: https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/eating-disorders-explained/eating-disorders-in-males
9. Sangha S, Oliffe JL, Kelly MT, McCuaig F. Eating disorders in males: how primary care providers can improve recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(3):1557988319857424. doi:10.1177/1557988319857424.
10. InsideOut Institute. Physical activity and eating disorders [Internet]. Sydney: InsideOut Institute; [cited 2026 Aug 31]. Available from: https://insideoutinstitute.org.au/resource-library/physical-activity-and-eating-disorders
11. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) [Internet]. Melbourne: National Eating Disorders Collaboration; [cited 2026 Aug 31]. Available from: https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/types/arfid
12. InsideOut Institute. Screening high risk groups [Internet]. Sydney: InsideOut Institute; [cited 2026 Aug 27]. Available from: https://www.gp.insideoutinstitute.org.au/screening-and-early-intervention/screening-high-risk-groups
13. InsideOut Institute. Beware a ‘rule out’ approach [Internet]. Sydney: InsideOut Institute; [cited 2026 May 14]. Available from: https://www.gp.insideoutinstitute.org.au/screening-and-early-intervention/beware-a-rule-out-approach
14. InsideOut Institute. Initial medical assessment [Internet]. Sydney: InsideOut Institute; [cited 2026 Aug 31]. Available from: https://www.gp.insideoutinstitute.org.au/diagnosis-and-assessment/initial-medical-assessment
15. Victorian Centre of Excellence in Eating Disorders. Medical Monitoring in Eating Disorders [Internet]. Melbourne: Victorian Centre of Excellence in Eating Disorders; 2024 May.
16. InsideOut Institute. Medical monitoring: routine check-up [Internet]. Sydney: InsideOut Institute; [cited 2026 Aug 31]. Available from: https://www.gp.insideoutinstitute.org.au/treatment-and-medical-management/medical-monitoring-routine-check-up
17. Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Eating disorder treatment and management plan factsheet [Internet]. Canberra: Department of Health and Aged Care; [cited 2026 Aug 31]. Available from: https://www.mbsonline.gov.au/internet/mbsonline/publishing.nsf/Content/Factsheet-EatingDisorders
18. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Eating disorders: recognition and treatment (NG69) [Internet]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2017 [cited 2026 Aug 31]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69/resources/eating-disorders-recognition-and-treatment-pdf-1837582159813

Educational visiting card insert references:

1. InsideOut Institute. Navigating difficult conversations [Internet]. Sydney: InsideOut Institute; [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://insideoutinstitute.org.au/resource-library/navigating-difficult-conversations
2. Butterfly Foundation. Early intervention for eating disorders: how to start the conversation [Internet]. Melbourne: Butterfly Foundation; [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://nedc.com.au/pdf-download/toPDF?q=Fact-Sheets/EDAA-Conversation-Starter
3. InsideOut Institute. Talking about eating disorders: a guide for GPs [Internet]. Sydney: InsideOut Institute; 2024 [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://insideoutinstitute.org.au/assets/conversation-guide-for-gp-ioi.pdf
4. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. A practical guide to prevention, identification and response to eating disorders for GPs [Internet]. Melbourne: National Eating Disorders Collaboration; 2025 [cited 2026 Aug 26]. Available from: https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorder-resources/find-resources/show/a-practical-guide-to-prevention-identification-and-response-to-eating-disorders-for-gps
5. National Institute of Mental Health. Eating Disorders: What You Need to Know [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Mental Health; 2024. NIH Publication No. 24-MH-4901 [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/health/publications/eating-disorders/eating-disorders-what-you-need-to-know.pdf
6. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Anorexia nervosa [Internet]. Melbourne: National Eating Disorders Collaboration; 2022 [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorder-resources/find-resources/show/nedc-fact-sheet-anorexia-nervosa
7. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Bulimia nervosa [Internet]. Melbourne: National Eating Disorders Collaboration; 2022 [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorder-resources/find-resources/show/nedc-fact-sheet-bulimia-nervosa
8. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Binge eating disorder (BED) [Internet]. Melbourne: National Eating Disorders Collaboration; 2022 [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://nedc.com.au/assets/Fact-Sheets/Fact-Sheet-Binge-Eating-Disorder-.pdf
9. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) [Internet]. Melbourne: National Eating Disorders Collaboration; 2022 [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://nedc.com.au/assets/Fact-Sheets/NEDC-Fact-Sheet-ARFID.pdf
10. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) [Internet]. Melbourne: National Eating Disorders Collaboration; 2022 [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://nedc.com.au/assets/Fact-Sheets/OSFED.pdf
11. InsideOut Institute. Treatment evidence table [Internet]. Sydney: InsideOut Institute; [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://gp.insideoutinstitute.org.au/treatment-evidence
12. Butterfly Foundation. Unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED) [Internet]. Melbourne: Butterfly Foundation; [cited 2026 Sep 1]. Available from: https://butterfly.org.au/eating-disorders-body-image/eating-disorders-explained/unspecified-feeding-or-eating-disorder-ufed/

Eating disorder referral pathways – quick reference guide references:

1. Victorian Centre of Excellence in Eating Disorders. Medical Monitoring in Eating Disorders [Internet]. Melbourne: Victorian Centre of Excellence in Eating Disorders; 2024 May.